Alternatives to local content requirements in resource-rich countries

This paper discusses whether and to what extent resource-rich developing countries should introduce local content policies, i.e. requirements to include local inputs in petroleum extraction activities of multinational corporations. We argue that local content needs to be seen as a public expenditure question, since local content requirements increase multinational costs, and hence reduce the taxes which can be extracted from these companies. This implies that there are opportunity costs in imposing local content requirements, since the forgone taxes can be used in others ways which could potentially do more to improve development prospects. Moreover, past experiences of resource-rich developing countries suggest that local content policies can exacerbate key problems of patronage and rent-seeking which resource rents generate, increasing the chance that the resource wealth will prevent rather than help development. These arguments suggest that an optimal local content policy in the context of flawed institutions is a more limited one than those typically pursued by developing countries with recently discovered petroleum reserves. Using qualitative data from Tanzania, a country with recent discoveries of substantial natural gas deposits, we analyze why local content tends to become such a central issue in debates and policy processes, despite its potentially problematic aspects.     

微生物强化采油技术研究现状及应用前景

介绍了微生物强化采油技术的基本概念、机理和发展现状，讨论了该技术的研究方法、优点及应用条件，并展望了微生物强化采油技术的应用前景。     

植物多糖的提取分离和应用

对近年来植物多糖的提取分离技术进行了综述，并展望了植物多糖在食品、医药学等方面应用前景。     

少数民族社区旅游的舞台化特征研究——以云南若干村镇为例

云南民族众多、人文和自然景观富饶,少数民族社区旅游发展起步较早,发展较成熟,在长期发展过程中,呈现出了明显的舞台化特征.在考察了大理古城、周城,丽江束河古镇,香格里拉霞给村,西双版纳傣族园等较为典型的旅游村镇的基础上,归纳认为少数民族社区旅游的舞台化特征主要体现在3个方面:社区旅游圈、东道主行为前台化和民俗节事舞台化.这种舞台化有利于少数民族传统村镇在空间特质和精神特质上的分区保护;有利于提高居民参与社区旅游发展的参与意识和传统文化意识;有利于游客在有限的时空范围内体验少数民族的风土人情.     

Visual complexity of eco-labels and product evaluations in online setting: Is simple always better?

Noticeable and comprehensible eco-labels are needed to promote sustainable products. So far, researchers have mostly studied consumers' evaluations of eco-labels, without analyzing eco-label's visual complexity. Through two experimental studies this paper proposes that consumers' evaluations of sustainable products increase when zoom-in feature provided in online stores, and they are labelled through eco-labels that have high design and low feature complexity due to increased perceptual fluency. The findings demonstrate that while design complexity increases consumer product evaluations due to increased perceptual fluency, feature complexity increases - instead of decreases – consumers' evaluations due to conceptual – and not perceptual – fluency. Consequently, it is advised to design and adapt eco-labels easy-to-understand, visually eye-catching and highly visible (i.e., in large size) to enhance ease of processing and increase product evaluations.     

资源税费改革:理念与走向

2010年,中国在新疆和西部地区率先进行了资源税改革。本文对资源税费改革的有关问题,如西部资源税改革成效、资源税改革与石油特别收益金的关系、资源税费改革与资源综合利用、资源税费改革与国有资源补偿机制、资源税费改革与国有经济改革等进行了深入探讨,厘清了一些理论问题,有助于人们更好地认识资源税费改革。     

国际金融市场与国际原油期货市场溢出效应实证检验——基于VAR-BEKK模型的分析

文章通过构建VAR模型和BEKK模型对道琼斯股票市场、美元/欧元汇率市场与国际原油期货市场的动态关系进行了实证检验。结果表明：道琼斯股票市场与WTI原油期货市场存在双向的价格溢出效应,以及前者向后者的单向波动溢出效应;美元/欧元汇率市场存在向WTI原油期货市场单向的价格溢出效应和波动溢出效应。所以,国际原油期货市场与国际金融市场联系紧密,国际原油的金融属性日益体现,其价格变动更多受外部国际金融市场风险影响。     

石油企业加强人工成本管理的对策探讨

我国石油石化行业正朝着专业化重组、市场化运作、国际化拓展、价值化导向以及精细化管理方向发展,同时对自身的成本管理能力提出了新的、更高的要求。人工成本是石油工程企业的第二大成本,加强人工成本管理,对提升石油工程企业的成本管理能力有重要意义。以某石油工程企业为例,该企业人工成本存在总量大、比重高、增长速度快以及成本效益低的特点,其原因主要在于企业长期对人工成本及其管理缺乏正确认识、现行体制机制不合理以及人工成本实际管理不到位等。试图从强化认识、创新体制机制、合理定岗定编、严控用工总量、优化用工结构、规范用工管理、建立人工成本管理体系等方面提出加强人工成本管理的相关对策。     

关于中国跨国油气管道安全问题的思考

近年来,我国能源对外依存度不断提高,我国通过多条跨国管道保障国家的能源供应安全。本文简要介绍了我国陆上油气通道的情况,分析了这些跨国油气管道所面临的政治、社会、宗教、战争等风险,提出了应对这些风险的措施,供相关企业及部门参考。     

The relationship between agricultural commodity prices,crude oil prices and US dollar exchange rates: a panel VAR approach and causality analysis

This study examines the relationship between crude oil prices, US dollar exchange rates and 30 selected international agricultural prices and five international fertilizer prices in a panel framework. The study uses panel VAR methods and Granger causality tests on panel data sets of agricultural commodity prices (as well as specific agricultural commodity sub-groups) and fertilizer prices with monthly observations of the period from June 1983 to June 2013. The empirical results of the present study indicate that crude oil prices as well as US dollar exchange rates affect international agricultural commodity and fertilizer prices. Furthermore, contrary to the findings of several studies in the literature, the present study supports bidirectional panel causality effects between crude oil prices and international agricultural prices as well as between US exchange rates and international agricultural prices.